# Copyright 2012-2013 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). You # may not use this file except in compliance with the License. A copy of # the License is located at # # http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0/ # # or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is # distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF # ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific # language governing permissions and limitations under the License. import json import os import platform import sys import copy import logging import distro import botocore.session from botocore import xform_name from botocore.compat import copy_kwargs, OrderedDict from botocore.history import get_global_history_recorder from botocore.configprovider import InstanceVarProvider from botocore.configprovider import EnvironmentProvider from botocore.configprovider import ScopedConfigProvider from botocore.configprovider import ConstantProvider from botocore.configprovider import ChainProvider from awscli import __version__ from awscli.compat import ( default_pager, get_stderr_text_writer, get_stdout_text_writer ) from awscli.formatter import get_formatter from awscli.plugin import load_plugins from awscli.commands import CLICommand from awscli.argparser import MainArgParser from awscli.argparser import FirstPassGlobalArgParser from awscli.argparser import ServiceArgParser from awscli.argparser import ArgTableArgParser from awscli.argparser import SubCommandArgParser from awscli.help import ProviderHelpCommand from awscli.help import ServiceHelpCommand from awscli.help import OperationHelpCommand from awscli.arguments import CustomArgument from awscli.arguments import ListArgument from awscli.arguments import BooleanArgument from awscli.arguments import CLIArgument from awscli.arguments import UnknownArgumentError from awscli.argprocess import unpack_argument from awscli.alias import AliasLoader from awscli.alias import AliasCommandInjector from awscli.logger import ( set_stream_logger, remove_stream_logger, enable_crt_logging, disable_crt_logging, ) from awscli.utils import emit_top_level_args_parsed_event from awscli.utils import OutputStreamFactory from awscli.utils import IMDSRegionProvider from awscli.constants import PARAM_VALIDATION_ERROR_RC from awscli.autoprompt.core import AutoPromptDriver from awscli.errorhandler import ( construct_cli_error_handlers_chain, construct_entry_point_handlers_chain ) LOG = logging.getLogger('awscli.clidriver') LOG_FORMAT = ( '%(asctime)s - %(threadName)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') HISTORY_RECORDER = get_global_history_recorder() METADATA_FILENAME = 'metadata.json' # Don't remove this line. The idna encoding # is used by getaddrinfo when dealing with unicode hostnames, # and in some cases, there appears to be a race condition # where threads will get a LookupError on getaddrinfo() saying # that the encoding doesn't exist. Using the idna encoding before # running any CLI code (and any threads it may create) ensures that # the encodings.idna is imported and registered in the codecs registry, # which will stop the LookupErrors from happening. # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue29288 u''.encode('idna') def main(): return AWSCLIEntryPoint().main(sys.argv[1:]) def create_clidriver(args=None): debug = None if args is not None: parser = FirstPassGlobalArgParser() args, _ = parser.parse_known_args(args) debug = args.debug session = botocore.session.Session() _set_user_agent_for_session(session) load_plugins(session.full_config.get('plugins', {}), event_hooks=session.get_component('event_emitter')) error_handlers_chain = construct_cli_error_handlers_chain() driver = CLIDriver(session=session, error_handler=error_handlers_chain, debug=debug) return driver def _get_distribution_source(): metadata_file = os.path.join( os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'data'), METADATA_FILENAME ) metadata = {} if os.path.isfile(metadata_file): with open(metadata_file) as f: metadata = json.load(f) return metadata.get('distribution_source', 'other') def _get_distribution(): distribution = None if platform.system() == 'Linux': distribution = _get_linux_distribution() return distribution def _get_linux_distribution(): linux_distribution = 'unknown' try: linux_distribution = distro.id() version = distro.major_version() if version: linux_distribution += '.%s' % version except Exception: pass return linux_distribution def _set_user_agent_for_session(session): session.user_agent_name = 'aws-cli' session.user_agent_version = __version__ # user_agent_extra on linux will look like "rpm/x86_64.Ubuntu.18" # on mac and windows like "sources/x86_64" session.user_agent_extra = '%s/%s' % ( _get_distribution_source(), platform.machine() ) linux_distribution = _get_distribution() if linux_distribution: session.user_agent_extra += ".%s" % linux_distribution def no_pager_handler(session, parsed_args, **kwargs): if parsed_args.no_cli_pager: config_store = session.get_component('config_store') config_store.set_config_provider( 'pager', ConstantProvider(value=None) ) class AWSCLIEntryPoint: def __init__(self, driver=None): self._error_handler = construct_entry_point_handlers_chain() self._driver = driver def main(self, args): try: rc = self._do_main(args) except BaseException as e: LOG.debug("Exception caught in AWSCLIEntryPoint", exc_info=True) return self._error_handler.handle_exception( e, stdout=get_stdout_text_writer(), stderr=get_stderr_text_writer() ) HISTORY_RECORDER.record('CLI_RC', rc, 'CLI') return rc def _run_driver(self, driver, args, prompt_mode): driver.session.user_agent_extra += " prompt/%s" % prompt_mode return driver.main(args) def _do_main(self, args): driver = self._driver if driver is None: driver = create_clidriver(args) autoprompt_driver = AutoPromptDriver(driver) auto_prompt_mode = autoprompt_driver.resolve_mode(args) if auto_prompt_mode == 'on': args = autoprompt_driver.prompt_for_args(args) rc = self._run_driver(driver, args, prompt_mode='on') elif auto_prompt_mode == 'on-partial': autoprompt_driver.inject_silence_param_error_msg_handler(driver) rc = self._run_driver(driver, args, prompt_mode='off') if rc == PARAM_VALIDATION_ERROR_RC: args = autoprompt_driver.prompt_for_args(args) driver = create_clidriver(args) rc = self._run_driver(driver, args, prompt_mode='partial') else: rc = self._run_driver(driver, args, prompt_mode='off') return rc class CLIDriver(object): def __init__(self, session=None, error_handler=None, debug=False): if session is None: self.session = botocore.session.get_session() _set_user_agent_for_session(self.session) else: self.session = session self._error_handler = error_handler if self._error_handler is None: self._error_handler = construct_cli_error_handlers_chain() if debug: self._set_logging(debug) self._update_config_chain() self._cli_data = None self._command_table = None self._argument_table = None self.alias_loader = AliasLoader() def _update_config_chain(self): config_store = self.session.get_component('config_store') config_store.set_config_provider( 'region', self._construct_cli_region_chain() ) config_store.set_config_provider( 'output', self._construct_cli_output_chain() ) config_store.set_config_provider( 'pager', self._construct_cli_pager_chain() ) config_store.set_config_provider( 'cli_binary_format', self._construct_cli_binary_format_chain() ) config_store.set_config_provider( 'cli_auto_prompt', self._construct_cli_auto_prompt_chain() ) def _construct_cli_region_chain(self): providers = [ InstanceVarProvider( instance_var='region', session=self.session ), EnvironmentProvider( name='AWS_REGION', env=os.environ, ), EnvironmentProvider( name='AWS_DEFAULT_REGION', env=os.environ, ), ScopedConfigProvider( config_var_name='region', session=self.session, ), IMDSRegionProvider(self.session), ] return ChainProvider(providers=providers) def _construct_cli_output_chain(self): providers = [ InstanceVarProvider( instance_var='output', session=self.session, ), EnvironmentProvider( name='AWS_DEFAULT_OUTPUT', env=os.environ, ), ScopedConfigProvider( config_var_name='output', session=self.session, ), ConstantProvider(value='json'), ] return ChainProvider(providers=providers) def _construct_cli_pager_chain(self): providers = [ EnvironmentProvider( name='AWS_PAGER', env=os.environ, ), ScopedConfigProvider( config_var_name='cli_pager', session=self.session, ), EnvironmentProvider( name='PAGER', env=os.environ, ), ConstantProvider(value=default_pager), ] return ChainProvider(providers=providers) def _construct_cli_binary_format_chain(self): providers = [ ScopedConfigProvider( config_var_name='cli_binary_format', session=self.session, ), ConstantProvider(value='base64'), ] return ChainProvider(providers=providers) def _construct_cli_auto_prompt_chain(self): providers = [ InstanceVarProvider( instance_var='cli_auto_prompt', session=self.session, ), EnvironmentProvider( name='AWS_CLI_AUTO_PROMPT', env=os.environ, ), ScopedConfigProvider( config_var_name='cli_auto_prompt', session=self.session ), ConstantProvider(value='off'), ] return ChainProvider(providers=providers) @property def subcommand_table(self): return self._get_command_table() @property def arg_table(self): return self._get_argument_table() @property def error_handler(self): return self._error_handler def _get_cli_data(self): # Not crazy about this but the data in here is needed in # several places (e.g. MainArgParser, ProviderHelp) so # we load it here once. if self._cli_data is None: self._cli_data = self.session.get_data('cli') return self._cli_data def _get_command_table(self): if self._command_table is None: self._command_table = self._build_command_table() return self._command_table def _get_argument_table(self): if self._argument_table is None: self._argument_table = self._build_argument_table() return self._argument_table def _build_command_table(self): """ Create the main parser to handle the global arguments. :rtype: ``argparser.ArgumentParser`` :return: The parser object """ command_table = self._build_builtin_commands(self.session) self.session.emit('building-command-table.main', command_table=command_table, session=self.session, command_object=self) return command_table def _build_builtin_commands(self, session): commands = OrderedDict() services = session.get_available_services() for service_name in services: commands[service_name] = ServiceCommand(cli_name=service_name, session=self.session, service_name=service_name) return commands def _add_aliases(self, command_table, parser): injector = AliasCommandInjector( self.session, self.alias_loader) injector.inject_aliases(command_table, parser) def _build_argument_table(self): argument_table = OrderedDict() cli_data = self._get_cli_data() cli_arguments = cli_data.get('options', None) for option in cli_arguments: option_params = copy_kwargs(cli_arguments[option]) cli_argument = self._create_cli_argument(option, option_params) cli_argument.add_to_arg_table(argument_table) # Then the final step is to send out an event so handlers # can add extra arguments or modify existing arguments. self.session.emit('building-top-level-params', session=self.session, argument_table=argument_table, driver=self) return argument_table def _create_cli_argument(self, option_name, option_params): return CustomArgument( option_name, help_text=option_params.get('help', ''), dest=option_params.get('dest'), default=option_params.get('default'), action=option_params.get('action'), required=option_params.get('required'), choices=option_params.get('choices'), cli_type_name=option_params.get('type')) def create_help_command(self): cli_data = self._get_cli_data() return ProviderHelpCommand(self.session, self._get_command_table(), self._get_argument_table(), cli_data.get('description', None), cli_data.get('synopsis', None), cli_data.get('help_usage', None)) def create_parser(self, command_table): # Also add a 'help' command. command_table['help'] = self.create_help_command() cli_data = self._get_cli_data() parser = MainArgParser( command_table, self.session.user_agent(), cli_data.get('description', None), self._get_argument_table(), prog="aws") return parser def main(self, args=None): """ :param args: List of arguments, with the 'aws' removed. For example, the command "aws s3 list-objects --bucket foo" will have an args list of ``['s3', 'list-objects', '--bucket', 'foo']``. """ if args is None: args = sys.argv[1:] command_table = self._get_command_table() parser = self.create_parser(command_table) self._add_aliases(command_table, parser) try: # Because _handle_top_level_args emits events, it's possible # that exceptions can be raised, which should have the same # general exception handling logic as calling into the # command table. This is why it's in the try/except clause. parsed_args, remaining = parser.parse_known_args(args) self._handle_top_level_args(parsed_args) self._emit_session_event(parsed_args) HISTORY_RECORDER.record( 'CLI_VERSION', self.session.user_agent(), 'CLI') HISTORY_RECORDER.record('CLI_ARGUMENTS', args, 'CLI') return command_table[parsed_args.command](remaining, parsed_args) except BaseException as e: # when --version action executed default argparser prints out # version string and calls sys.exit(0) if isinstance(e, SystemExit) and e.code == 0: return e.code LOG.debug("Exception caught in main()", exc_info=True) return self._error_handler.handle_exception( e, stdout=get_stdout_text_writer(), stderr=get_stderr_text_writer() ) def _emit_session_event(self, parsed_args): # This event is guaranteed to run after the session has been # initialized and a profile has been set. This was previously # problematic because if something in CLIDriver caused the # session components to be reset (such as session.profile = foo) # then all the prior registered components would be removed. self.session.emit( 'session-initialized', session=self.session, parsed_args=parsed_args) def _show_error(self, msg): LOG.debug(msg, exc_info=True) sys.stderr.write(msg) sys.stderr.write('\n') def _handle_top_level_args(self, args): emit_top_level_args_parsed_event(self.session, args) if getattr(args, 'profile', False): self.session.set_config_variable('profile', args.profile) if getattr(args, 'region', False): self.session.set_config_variable('region', args.region) self._set_logging(getattr(args, 'debug', False)) def _set_logging(self, debug): loggers_list = ['botocore', 'awscli', 's3transfer', 'urllib3'] if debug: for logger_name in loggers_list: set_stream_logger(logger_name, logging.DEBUG, format_string=LOG_FORMAT) enable_crt_logging() LOG.debug("CLI version: %s", self.session.user_agent()) LOG.debug("Arguments entered to CLI: %s", sys.argv[1:]) else: # In case user set --debug before entering prompt mode and removed # it during editing inside the prompter we need to remove all the # debug handlers for logger_name in loggers_list: remove_stream_logger(logger_name) disable_crt_logging() set_stream_logger(logger_name='awscli', log_level=logging.ERROR) class ServiceCommand(CLICommand): """A service command for the CLI. For example, ``aws ec2 ...`` we'd create a ServiceCommand object that represents the ec2 service. """ def __init__(self, cli_name, session, service_name=None): # The cli_name is the name the user types, the name we show # in doc, etc. # The service_name is the name we used internally with botocore. # For example, we have the 's3api' as the cli_name for the service # but this is actually bound to the 's3' service name in botocore, # i.e. we load s3.json from the botocore data dir. Most of # the time these are the same thing but in the case of renames, # we want users/external things to be able to rename the cli name # but *not* the service name, as this has to be exactly what # botocore expects. self._name = cli_name self.session = session self._command_table = None if service_name is None: # Then default to using the cli name. self._service_name = cli_name else: self._service_name = service_name self._lineage = [self] self._service_model = None @property def name(self): return self._name @name.setter def name(self, value): self._name = value @property def service_model(self): return self._get_service_model() @property def lineage(self): return self._lineage @lineage.setter def lineage(self, value): self._lineage = value @property def subcommand_table(self): return self._get_command_table() @property def arg_table(self): # No service level arguments so we just return an empty # dictionary. return {} def _get_command_table(self): if self._command_table is None: self._command_table = self._create_command_table() return self._command_table def _get_service_model(self): if self._service_model is None: self._service_model = self.session.get_service_model( self._service_name) return self._service_model def __call__(self, args, parsed_globals): # Once we know we're trying to call a service for this operation # we can go ahead and create the parser for it. We # can also grab the Service object from botocore. service_parser = self.create_parser() parsed_args, remaining = service_parser.parse_known_args(args) command_table = self._get_command_table() return command_table[parsed_args.operation](remaining, parsed_globals) def _create_command_table(self): command_table = OrderedDict() service_model = self._get_service_model() for operation_name in service_model.operation_names: cli_name = xform_name(operation_name, '-') operation_model = service_model.operation_model(operation_name) command_table[cli_name] = ServiceOperation( name=cli_name, parent_name=self._name, session=self.session, operation_model=operation_model, operation_caller=CLIOperationCaller(self.session), ) self.session.emit('building-command-table.%s' % self._name, command_table=command_table, session=self.session, command_object=self) self._add_lineage(command_table) return command_table def _add_lineage(self, command_table): for command in command_table: command_obj = command_table[command] command_obj.lineage = self.lineage + [command_obj] def create_help_command(self): command_table = self._get_command_table() return ServiceHelpCommand(session=self.session, obj=self._get_service_model(), command_table=command_table, arg_table=None, event_class='.'.join(self.lineage_names), name=self._name) def create_parser(self): command_table = self._get_command_table() # Also add a 'help' command. command_table['help'] = self.create_help_command() return ServiceArgParser( operations_table=command_table, service_name=self._name) class ServiceOperation(object): """A single operation of a service. This class represents a single operation for a service, for example ``ec2.DescribeInstances``. """ ARG_TYPES = { 'list': ListArgument, 'boolean': BooleanArgument, } DEFAULT_ARG_CLASS = CLIArgument def __init__(self, name, parent_name, operation_caller, operation_model, session): """ :type name: str :param name: The name of the operation/subcommand. :type parent_name: str :param parent_name: The name of the parent command. :type operation_model: ``botocore.model.OperationModel`` :param operation_object: The operation model associated with this subcommand. :type operation_caller: ``CLIOperationCaller`` :param operation_caller: An object that can properly call the operation. :type session: ``botocore.session.Session`` :param session: The session object. """ self._arg_table = None self._name = name # These is used so we can figure out what the proper event # name should be .. self._parent_name = parent_name self._operation_caller = operation_caller self._lineage = [self] self._operation_model = operation_model self._session = session self._subcommand_table = None if operation_model.deprecated: self._UNDOCUMENTED = True @property def name(self): return self._name @name.setter def name(self, value): self._name = value @property def lineage(self): return self._lineage @lineage.setter def lineage(self, value): self._lineage = value @property def lineage_names(self): # Represents the lineage of a command in terms of command ``name`` return [cmd.name for cmd in self.lineage] def _build_subcommand_table(self): subcommand_table = OrderedDict() full_name = '_'.join([c.name for c in self.lineage]) self._session.emit( 'building-command-table.%s' % full_name, command_table=subcommand_table, session=self._session, command_object=self, ) return subcommand_table @property def subcommand_table(self): # There's no subcommands for an operation so we return an # empty dictionary. if self._subcommand_table is None: self._subcommand_table = self._build_subcommand_table() return self._subcommand_table @property def arg_table(self): if self._arg_table is None: self._arg_table = self._create_argument_table() return self._arg_table def _parse_potential_subcommand(self, args, subcommand_table): if subcommand_table: parser = SubCommandArgParser(self.arg_table, subcommand_table) return parser.parse_known_args(args) return None def __call__(self, args, parsed_globals): # Once we know we're trying to call a particular operation # of a service we can go ahead and load the parameters. event = 'before-building-argument-table-parser.%s.%s' % \ (self._parent_name, self._name) self._emit(event, argument_table=self.arg_table, args=args, session=self._session) subcommand_table = self.subcommand_table maybe_parsed_subcommand = self._parse_potential_subcommand( args, subcommand_table) if maybe_parsed_subcommand is not None: new_args, subcommand_name = maybe_parsed_subcommand return subcommand_table[subcommand_name](new_args, parsed_globals) operation_parser = self._create_operation_parser( self.arg_table, subcommand_table) self._add_help(operation_parser) parsed_args, remaining = operation_parser.parse_known_args(args) if parsed_args.help == 'help': op_help = self.create_help_command() return op_help(remaining, parsed_globals) elif parsed_args.help: remaining.append(parsed_args.help) if remaining: raise UnknownArgumentError( "Unknown options: %s" % ', '.join(remaining)) event = 'operation-args-parsed.%s.%s' % (self._parent_name, self._name) self._emit(event, parsed_args=parsed_args, parsed_globals=parsed_globals) call_parameters = self._build_call_parameters( parsed_args, self.arg_table) event = 'calling-command.%s.%s' % (self._parent_name, self._name) override = self._emit_first_non_none_response( event, call_parameters=call_parameters, parsed_args=parsed_args, parsed_globals=parsed_globals ) # There are two possible values for override. It can be some type # of exception that will be raised if detected or it can represent # the desired return code. Note that a return code of 0 represents # a success. if hasattr(self._session, 'user_agent_extra'): self._add_customization_to_user_agent() if override is not None: if isinstance(override, Exception): # If the override value provided back is an exception then # raise the exception raise override else: # This is the value usually returned by the ``invoke()`` # method of the operation caller. It represents the return # code of the operation. return override else: # No override value was supplied. return self._operation_caller.invoke( self._operation_model.service_model.service_name, self._operation_model.name, call_parameters, parsed_globals) def create_help_command(self): return OperationHelpCommand( self._session, operation_model=self._operation_model, arg_table=self.arg_table, name=self._name, event_class='.'.join(self.lineage_names)) def _add_help(self, parser): # The 'help' output is processed a little differently from # the operation help because the arg_table has # CLIArguments for values. parser.add_argument('help', nargs='?') def _build_call_parameters(self, args, arg_table): # We need to convert the args specified on the command # line as valid **kwargs we can hand to botocore. service_params = {} # args is an argparse.Namespace object so we're using vars() # so we can iterate over the parsed key/values. parsed_args = vars(args) for arg_object in arg_table.values(): py_name = arg_object.py_name if py_name in parsed_args: value = parsed_args[py_name] value = self._unpack_arg(arg_object, value) arg_object.add_to_params(service_params, value) return service_params def _unpack_arg(self, cli_argument, value): # Unpacks a commandline argument into a Python value by firing the # load-cli-arg.service-name.operation-name event. session = self._session service_name = self._operation_model.service_model.endpoint_prefix operation_name = xform_name(self._name, '-') return unpack_argument(session, service_name, operation_name, cli_argument, value) def _create_argument_table(self): argument_table = OrderedDict() input_shape = self._operation_model.input_shape required_arguments = [] arg_dict = {} if input_shape is not None: required_arguments = input_shape.required_members arg_dict = input_shape.members for arg_name, arg_shape in arg_dict.items(): cli_arg_name = xform_name(arg_name, '-') arg_class = self.ARG_TYPES.get(arg_shape.type_name, self.DEFAULT_ARG_CLASS) is_token = arg_shape.metadata.get('idempotencyToken', False) is_required = arg_name in required_arguments and not is_token event_emitter = self._session.get_component('event_emitter') arg_object = arg_class( name=cli_arg_name, argument_model=arg_shape, is_required=is_required, operation_model=self._operation_model, serialized_name=arg_name, event_emitter=event_emitter) arg_object.add_to_arg_table(argument_table) LOG.debug(argument_table) self._emit('building-argument-table.%s.%s' % (self._parent_name, self._name), operation_model=self._operation_model, session=self._session, command=self, argument_table=argument_table) return argument_table def _emit(self, name, **kwargs): return self._session.emit(name, **kwargs) def _emit_first_non_none_response(self, name, **kwargs): return self._session.emit_first_non_none_response( name, **kwargs) def _create_operation_parser(self, arg_table, subcommand_table): parser = ArgTableArgParser(arg_table, subcommand_table) return parser def _add_customization_to_user_agent(self): if ' command/' in self._session.user_agent_extra: self._session.user_agent_extra += '.%s' % self.lineage_names[-1] else: self._session.user_agent_extra += ' command/%s' % '.'.join( self.lineage_names ) class CLIOperationCaller(object): """Call an AWS operation and format the response.""" def __init__(self, session): self._session = session self._output_stream_factory = OutputStreamFactory(session) def invoke(self, service_name, operation_name, parameters, parsed_globals): """Invoke an operation and format the response. :type service_name: str :param service_name: The name of the service. Note this is the service name, not the endpoint prefix (e.g. ``ses`` not ``email``). :type operation_name: str :param operation_name: The operation name of the service. The casing of the operation name should match the exact casing used by the service, e.g. ``DescribeInstances``, not ``describe-instances`` or ``describe_instances``. :type parameters: dict :param parameters: The parameters for the operation call. Again, these values have the same casing used by the service. :type parsed_globals: Namespace :param parsed_globals: The parsed globals from the command line. :return: None, the result is displayed through a formatter, but no value is returned. """ client = self._session.create_client( service_name, region_name=parsed_globals.region, endpoint_url=parsed_globals.endpoint_url, verify=parsed_globals.verify_ssl) response = self._make_client_call( client, operation_name, parameters, parsed_globals) self._display_response(operation_name, response, parsed_globals) return 0 def _make_client_call(self, client, operation_name, parameters, parsed_globals): py_operation_name = xform_name(operation_name) if client.can_paginate(py_operation_name) and parsed_globals.paginate: paginator = client.get_paginator(py_operation_name) response = paginator.paginate(**parameters) else: response = getattr(client, xform_name(operation_name))( **parameters) return response def _display_response(self, command_name, response, parsed_globals): output = parsed_globals.output if output is None: output = self._session.get_config_variable('output') formatter = get_formatter(output, parsed_globals) with self._output_stream_factory.get_output_stream() as stream: formatter(command_name, response, stream)